High strength aluminum alloys with L12 precipitates

ABSTRACT

High strength aluminum magnesium alloys that can be used at temperatures from about −420° F. (−251° C.) up to about 650° F. (343° C.) are described. The alloys are strengthened by dispersion of particles based on the L1 2  intermetallic compound Al 3 X. These alloys comprise aluminum, magnesium, at least one of scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium; and at least one of gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, and niobium. These alloys may also optionally contain zinc, copper, lithium and silicon.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to the following co-pending applications that are filed on even date herewith and are assigned to the same assignee: L1₂ ALUMINUM ALLOYS WITH BIMODAL AND TRIMODAL DISTRIBUTION, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. PA0006933U-U73.12-325KL; DISPERSION STRENGTHENED L1₂ ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. PA0006932U-U73.12-326KL; HEAT TREATABLE L1₂ ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. PA0006931U-U73.12-327KL; HIGH STRENGTH L1₂ ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. PA0006929U-U73.12-329KL; HIGH STRENGTH L1₂ ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. PA0006928U-U73.12-330KL; HEAT TREATABLE L1₂ ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. PA0006927U-U73.12-331KL; HIGH STRENGTH L1₂ ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. PA0006926U-U73.12-332KL; HIGH STRENGTH L1₂ ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. PA0006923U-U73.12-335KL; and L1₂ STRENGTHENED AMORPHOUS ALUMINUM ALLOYS, Ser. No. ______, Attorney Docket No. PA0001359U-U73.12-336KL.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to aluminum alloys and more specifically to heat treatable aluminum alloys strengthened by L1₂ phase dispersions that are useful at temperatures from about −420° F. (−251° C.) up to about 650° F. (343° C.).

The combination of high strength, ductility, and fracture toughness, as well as low density, make aluminum alloys natural candidates for aerospace and space applications. However, their use is typically limited to temperatures below about 300° F. (149° C.) since most aluminum alloys start to lose strength in that temperature range as a result of coarsening of strengthening precipitates.

The development of aluminum alloys with improved elevated temperature mechanical properties is a continuing process. Some attempts have included aluminum-iron and aluminum-chromium based alloys such as Al—Fe—Ce, Al—Fe—V—Si, Al—Fe—Ce—W, and Al—Cr—Zr—Mn that contain incoherent dispersoids. These alloys, however, also lose strength at elevated temperatures due to particle coarsening. In addition, these alloys exhibit ductility and fracture toughness values lower than other commercially available aluminum alloys.

Other attempts have included the development of mechanically alloyed Al—Mg and Al—Ti alloys containing ceramic dispersoids. These alloys exhibit improved high temperature strength due to the particle dispersion, but the ductility and fracture toughness are not improved.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,453 discloses aluminum alloys strengthened by dispersed Al₃X L1₂ intermetallic phases where X is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Er, Lu, Yb, Tm, and U. The Al₃X particles are coherent with the aluminum alloy matrix and are resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures. The improved mechanical properties of the disclosed dispersion strengthened L1₂ aluminum alloys are stable up to 572° F. (300° C.). U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0093512 by the current inventor discloses an aluminum magnesium alloy strengthened with a dispersion of Al₃X dispersoids with the L1₂ structure where X comprises Sc, Gd, and Zr. The alloy provides excellent mechanical properties in the temperature range of about −420° F. (−250° C.) up to about 573° F. (300° C.).

An aluminum magnesium alloy strengthened by L1₂ precipitates with excellent mechanical properties in the temperature range of about 420° F. (−250° C.) to about 650° F. (343° C.) would be useful.

SUMMARY

The present invention is an aluminum magnesium alloy that is strengthened with L1₂ dispersoids. The alloys have mechanical properties suitable for application at temperature ranges from about −420° F. (−251° C.) to about 650° F. (343° C.). The alloys comprise magnesium, coherent Al₃Sc L1₂ dispersoids, and coherent Al₃X L1₂ dispersoids where X is at least one element selected from scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium, and at least one element selected from gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, and niobium. The balance is substantially aluminum.

The alloys can also contain one or more elements selected from zinc, copper, lithium and silicon.

The alloys have less than about 1 weight percent total impurities.

The alloys can be formed by any rapid solidification technique that includes atomization, melt spinning, splat quenching, spray deposition, cold spray, plasma spray, laser melting, ball milling, and cryomilling. The alloys with smaller amounts of alloying elements can also be formed by casting and deformation processing.

The alloys can be heat treated at a temperature of about 800° F. (426° C.) to about 1100° F. (593° C.) for about 30 minutes to about four hours, followed by quenching in liquid and thereafter aged at a temperature of about 200° F. (93° C.) to about 600° F. (315° C.) for about two to about forty-eight hours.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an aluminum magnesium phase diagram.

FIG. 2 is an aluminum scandium phase diagram.

FIG. 3 is an aluminum erbium phase diagram.

FIG. 4 is an aluminum thulium phase diagram.

FIG. 5 is an aluminum ytterbium phase diagram.

FIG. 6 is an aluminum lutetium phase diagram.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The alloys of this invention are based on the aluminum magnesium system. The amount of magnesium in these alloys ranges from about 1 to about 8 weight percent, more preferably about 3 to about 7.5 weight percent, and even more preferably about 4 to about 6.5 weight percent.

The aluminum magnesium phase diagram is shown in FIG. 1. The binary system is a eutectic alloy system with a eutectic reaction at 36 weight percent magnesium and 842° F. (450° C.). Magnesium has its maximum solid solubility of 16 weight percent in aluminum at 842° F. (450° C.) which can be extended further by rapid solidification processing. Magnesium provides substantial solid solution of strengthening in aluminum.

The alloys may also optionally contain at least one element selected from zinc, copper, lithium and silicon to produce additional strengthening. The amount of zinc in these alloys ranges from about 3 to about 12 weight percent, more preferably about 4 to about 10 weight percent, and even more preferably about 5 to about 9 weight percent. The amount of copper in these alloys ranges from about 0.2 to about 3 weight percent, more preferably about 0.5 to about 2.5 weight percent, and even more preferably about 1 to about 2.5 weight percent. The amount of lithium in these alloys ranges from about 0.5 to about 3 weight percent, more preferably about 1 to about 2.5 weight percent, and even more preferably about 1 to about 2 weight percent. The amount of silicon in these alloys ranges from about 4 to about 25 weight percent silicon, more preferably about 4 to about 18 weight percent, and even more preferably about 5 to about 11 weight percent.

Exemplary aluminum alloys of this invention include, but are not limited to (in weight percent):

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.1-20)Gd;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-20)Er-(0.1-20)Gd;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.1-20)Gd;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.1-20)Gd;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.1-20)Gd;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.1-20)Y;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-20)Er-(0.1-20)Y;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.1-20)Y;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.1-20)Y;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.1-20)Y;

about Al-(1-8Mg-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.05-3.0)Zr;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-20)Er-(0.05-4.0)Zr;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.05-4.0)Zr;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.05-4.0)Zr;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.05-4.0)Zr;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.05-10)Ti;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-20)Er-(0.05-10)Ti;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.05-10)Ti;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.05-10)Ti;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.05-10)Ti;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.05-10)Hf;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-20)Er-(0.05-10)Hf;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.05-10)Hf;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.05-10)Hf;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.05-10)Hf;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-4)Sc-(0.05-5)Nb;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-20)Er-(0.05-5)Nb;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-15)Tm-(0.05-5)Nb;

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Yb-(0.05-5)Nb; and

about Al-(1-8)Mg-(0.1-25)Lu-(0.05-5)Nb.

In the inventive aluminum based alloys disclosed herein, scandium is a potent strengthener that has low diffusivity and low solubility in aluminum. Scandium forms equilibrium Al₃Sc intermetallic dispersoids that have an L1₂ structure that is an ordered face centered cubic structure with Sc atoms located at the corners and aluminum atoms located on the cube faces of the unit cell.

Scandium forms Al₃Sc dispersoids that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix. Lattice parameters of aluminum and Al₃Sc are very close (0.405 nm and 0.410 nm respectively), indicating that there is minimal or no driving force for causing growth of the Al₃Sc dispersoids. This low interfacial energy makes the Al₃Sc dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.). Addition of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum increases the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decreases the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al₃Sc to coarsening. In the alloys of this invention these Al₃Sc dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof, that enter Al₃Sc in solution.

Erbium forms Al₃Er dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix. The lattice parameters of aluminum and Al₃Er are close (0.405 nm and 0.417 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al₃Er dispersoids. This low interfacial energy makes the Al₃Er dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.). Additions of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum increase the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decrease the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al₃Er to coarsening. In the alloys of this invention, these Al₃Er dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof that enter Al₃Er in solution.

Thulium forms metastable Al₃Tm dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix. The lattice parameters of aluminum and Al₃Tm are close (0.405 nm and 0.420 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al₃Tm dispersoids. This low interfacial energy makes the Al₃Tm dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.). Additions of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum increase the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decrease the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al₃Tm to coarsening. In the alloys of this invention these Al₃Tm dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof that enter Al₃Tm in solution.

Ytterbium forms Al₃Yb dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix. The lattice parameters of Al and Al₃Yb are close (0.405 nm and 0.420 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al₃Yb dispersoids. This low interfacial energy makes the Al₃Yb dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.). Additions of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum increase the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decrease the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al₃Yb to coarsening. In the alloys of this invention, these Al₃Yb dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or combinations thereof that enter Al₃Yb in solution.

Lutetium forms Al₃Lu dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that are fine and coherent with the aluminum matrix. The lattice parameters of Al and Al₃Lu are close (0.405 nm and 0.419 nm respectively), indicating there is minimal driving force for causing growth of the Al₃Lu dispersoids. This low interfacial energy makes the Al₃Lu dispersoids thermally stable and resistant to coarsening up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.). Additions of magnesium in solid solution in aluminum increase the lattice parameter of the aluminum matrix, and decrease the lattice parameter mismatch further increasing the resistance of the Al₃Lu to coarsening. In the alloys of this invention, these Al₃Lu dispersoids are made stronger and more resistant to coarsening at elevated temperatures by adding suitable alloying elements such as gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, or mixtures thereof that enter Al₃Lu in solution.

Gadolinium forms metastable Al₃Gd dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂ structure in the metastable condition and a D0₁₉ structure in the equilibrium condition. The Al₃Gd dispersoids are stable up to temperatures as high as about 842° F. (450° C.) due to their low diffusivity in aluminum. Despite its large atomic size, gadolinium has fairly high solubility in the Al₃Sc intermetallic dispersoid. Gadolinium can substitute for the X atoms in Al₃X intermetallic, thereby forming an ordered L1₂ phase which results in improved thermal and structural stability.

Yttrium forms metastable Al₃Y dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂ structure in the metastable condition and a D0₁₉ structure in the equilibrium condition. The metastable Al₃Y dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening. Yttrium has a high solubility in the Al₃X intermetallic dispersoids allowing large amounts of yttrium to substitute for X in the Al₃X L1₂ dispersoids which results in improved thermal and structural stability.

Zirconium forms Al₃Zr dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂ structure in the metastable condition and D0₂₃ structure in the equilibrium condition. The metastable Al₃Zr dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening. Zirconium has a high solubility in the Al₃X dispersoids allowing large amounts of zirconium to substitute for X in the Al₃X dispersoids, which results in improved thermal and structural stability.

Titanium forms Al₃Ti dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂ structure in the metastable condition and D0₂₂ structure in the equilibrium condition. The metastable Al₃Ti dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening. Titanium has a high solubility in the Al₃X dispersoids allowing large amounts of titanium to substitute for X in the Al₃X dispersoids, which results in improved thermal and structural stability.

Hafnium forms metastable Al₃Hf dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂ structure in the metastable condition and a D0₂₃ structure in the equilibrium condition. The Al₃Hf dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient, which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening. Hafnium has a high solubility in the Al₃X dispersoids allowing large amounts of hafnium to substitute for scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium in the above mentioned Al₃X dispersoids, which results in stronger and more thermally stable dispersoids.

Niobium forms metastable Al₃Nb dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂ structure in the metastable condition and a D0₂₂ structure in the equilibrium condition. Niobium has a lower solubility in the Al₃X dispersoids than hafnium or yttrium, allowing relatively lower amounts of niobium than hafnium or yttrium to substitute for X in the Al₃X dispersoids. Nonetheless, niobium can be very effective in slowing down the coarsening kinetics of the Al₃X dispersoids because the Al₃Nb dispersoids are thermally stable. The substitution of niobium for X in the above mentioned Al₃X dispersoids results in stronger and more thermally stable dispersoids.

Additions of zinc, copper, lithium and silicon increase the strength of these alloys through additional solid solution hardening and precipitation hardening of Zn₂Mg (η′), Al₂Cu (θ′), Al₂CuMg (S′), Al₃Li (δ′), Al₂LiMg, Mg₂Si and Si phases, respectively. These phases precipitate as coherent fine particles which can provide considerable strengthening in the alloys. Precipitation of these phases can be controlled during heat treatment.

Al₃X L1₂ precipitates improve elevated temperature mechanical properties in aluminum alloys for two reasons. First, the precipitates are ordered intermetallic compounds. As a result, when the particles are sheared by glide dislocations during deformation, the dislocations separate into two partial dislocations separated by an anti-phase boundary on the glide plane. The energy to create the anti-phase boundary is the origin of the strengthening. Second, the cubic L1₂ crystal structure and lattice parameter of the precipitates are closely matched to the aluminum solid solution matrix. This results in a lattice coherency at the precipitate/matrix boundary that resists coarsening. The lack of an interphase boundary results in a low driving force for particle growth and resulting elevated temperature stability. Alloying elements in solid solution in the dispersed strengthening particles and in the aluminum matrix that tend to decrease the lattice mismatch between the matrix and particles will tend to increase the strengthening and elevated temperature stability of the alloy.

The amount of scandium present in the alloys of this invention if any may vary from about 0.1 to about 4 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.2 to about 2.5 weight percent. The Al—Sc phase diagram shown in FIG. 2 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 0.5 weight percent scandium at about 1219° F. (659° C.) resulting in a solid solution of scandium and aluminum and Al₃Sc dispersoids. Aluminum alloys with less than 0.5 weight percent scandium can be quenched from the melt to retain scandium in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed L1₂ intermetallic Al₃Sc following an aging treatment. Alloys with scandium in excess of the eutectic composition (hypereutectic alloys) can only retain scandium in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10³° C./second.

The amount of erbium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 15 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent. The Al—Er phase diagram shown in FIG. 3 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 6 weight percent erbium at about 1211° F. (655° C.). Aluminum alloys with less than about 6 weight percent erbium can be quenched from the melt to retain erbium in solid solutions that may precipitate as dispersed L1₂ intermetallic Al₃Er following an aging treatment. Alloys with erbium in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain erbium in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10³° C./second. Alloys with erbium in excess of the eutectic composition (hypereutectic alloys) cooled normally will have a microstructure consisting of relatively large Al₃Er dispersoids in a finely divided aluminum-Al₃Er eutectic phase matrix.

The amount of thulium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 15.0 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 10 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.4 to about 6 weight percent. The Al—Tm phase diagram shown in FIG. 4 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 10 weight percent thulium at about 1193° F. (645° C.). Thulium forms metastable Al₃Tm dispersoids in the aluminum matrix that have an L1₂ structure in the equilibrium condition. The Al₃Tm dispersoids have a low diffusion coefficient which makes them thermally stable and highly resistant to coarsening. Aluminum alloys with less than 10 weight percent thulium can be quenched from the melt to retain thulium in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed metastable L1₂ intermetallic Al₃Tm following an aging treatment. Alloys with thulium in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain Tm in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10³° C./second.

The amount of ytterbium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 20 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.4 to about 10 weight percent. The Al—Yb phase diagram shown in FIG. 5 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 21 weight percent ytterbium at about 1157° F. (625° C.). Aluminum alloys with less than about 21 weight percent ytterbium can be quenched from the melt to retain ytterbium in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed L1₂ intermetallic Al₃Yb following an aging treatment. Alloys with ytterbium in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain ytterbium in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10³° C./second.

The amount of lutetium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 20 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.4 to about 10 weight percent. The Al—Lu phase diagram shown in FIG. 6 indicates a eutectic reaction at about 11.7 weight percent Lu at about 1202° F. (650° C.). Aluminum alloys with less than about 11.7 weight percent lutetium can be quenched from the melt to retain Lu in solid solution that may precipitate as dispersed L1₂ intermetallic Al₃Lu following an aging treatment. Alloys with Lu in excess of the eutectic composition can only retain Lu in solid solution by rapid solidification processing (RSP) where cooling rates are in excess of about 10³° C./second.

The amount of gadolinium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 15 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent.

The amount of yttrium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.3 to about 15 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent.

The amount of zirconium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.05 to about 4 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.3 to about 2 weight percent.

The amount of titanium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 8 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.4 to about 4 weight percent.

The amount of hafnium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 8 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.4 to about 5 weight percent.

The amount of niobium present in the alloys of this invention, if any, may vary from about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 3 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.2 to about 2 weight percent.

In order to have the best properties for the alloys of this invention, it is desirable to limit the amount of other elements. Specific elements that should be reduced or eliminated include no more than about 0.1 weight percent iron, 0.1 weight percent chromium, 0.1 weight percent manganese, 0.1 weight percent vanadium, 0.1 weight percent cobalt, and 0.1 weight percent nickel. The total quantity of additional elements should not exceed about 1% by weight, including the above listed elements.

The alloy of the present invention can be processed by any rapid solidification technique utilizing cooling rates in excess of 10³° C./second. The rapid solidification process includes melt spinning, splat quenching, atomization, spray deposition, cold spray, vacuum plasma spray, and laser melting. The particular processing technique is not important. The most important aspect is the cooling rate of the process. A higher cooling rate is required for the alloys with larger amount of solute additions. These processes produce different forms of the product such as ribbon, flake or powder. Atomization is the most commonly used rapid solidification technique to produce a large volume of powder. Cooling rate experienced during atomization depends on the powder size and usually varies from about 10³ to 10⁵° C./second. Finer size (−325 mesh) of powder is preferred to have maximum supersaturation of alloying elements that can precipitate out during extrusion of powder. For higher supersaturation of alloying elements, helium gas atomization is preferred. Helium gas provides higher heat transfer coefficient leading to higher cooling rate in the powder. The ribbon or powder of alloy can be compacted using vacuum hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing or blind die compaction after suitable vacuum degassing. Compaction takes place by shear deformation in vacuum hot pressing and blind die compaction, whereas diffusional creep is key for compaction in hot isostatic pressing.

The alloy powder of the present invention can also be produced using mechanical alloying or cryomilling where powder is milled using high energy ball milling at room temperature or at cryogenic temperature in liquid nitrogen environment. While both mechanical alloying and cryomilling processes can provide supersaturation of alloying elements, cryomilling is preferred because it has less oxygen content. Cryomilling introduces oxynitride particles in the grains that can provide additional strengthening to the alloy at high temperature by increasing threshold stress for dislocation climb. In addition, the nitride particles when located on grain boundaries can reduce the grain boundary sliding in the alloy by pinning the dislocation resulting in reduced dislocation mobility in the grain boundaries.

The alloy may also be produced using casting processes such as squeeze casting, die casting, sand casting and permanent mold casting provided the alloy contains small amounts of Sc, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Gd, Y, Ti, Hf, or Nb.

Following consolidation and deformation processing, the alloys can be heat treated at a temperature of from about 800° F. (426° C.) to about 1100° F. (593° C.) for about thirty minutes to four hours followed by quenching in liquid and thereafter aged at a temperature from about 200° F. (93° C.) to about 600° F. (316° C.) for about two to forty-eight hours.

More preferred exemplary aluminum alloys of this invention include, but are not limited to (in weight percent):

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.1-3)Sc-(0.3-15)Gd;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-15)Er-(0.3-15)Gd;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.2-10)Tm-(0.3-15)Gd;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Yb-(0.3-15)Gd;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Lu-(0.3-15)Gd;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.1-3)Sc-(0.3-15)Y;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-15)Er-(0.3-15)Y;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.2-10)Tm-(0.3-15)Y;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Yb-(0.3-15)Y;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Lu-(0.3-15)Y;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.1-3)Sc-(0.1-3)Zr;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-15)Er-(0.1-3)Zr;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.2-10)Tm-(0.1-3)Zr;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Yb-(0.1-3)Zr;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Lu-(0.1-3)Zr;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.1-3)Sc-(0.2-8)Ti;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-15)Er-(0.2-8)Ti;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.2-10)Tm-(0.2-8)Ti;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Yb-(0.2-8)Ti;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Lu-(0.2-8)Ti;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.1-3)Sc-(0.2-8)Hf;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-15)Er-(0.2-8)Hf;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.2-10)Tm-(0.2-8)Hf;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Yb-(0.2-8)Hf;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Lu-(0.2-8)Hf;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.1-3)Sc-(0.1-3)Nb;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-15)Er-(0.1-3)Nb;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.2-10)Tm-(0.1-3)Nb;

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Yb-(0.1-3)Nb; and

about Al-(3-7.5)Mg-(0.3-20)Lu-(0.1-3)Nb.

Even more preferred examples of similar alloys to these are alloys with about 4 to about 6.5 weight percent Mg. These exemplary alloys may also optionally contain at least one of the elements from zinc, copper, lithium and silicon to produce additional strengthening, and include, but are not limited to (in weight percent):

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.2-2.5)Sc-(0.5-10)Gd;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.5-10)Er-(0.5-10)Gd;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-6)Tm-(0.5-10)Gd;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Yb-(0.5-10)Gd;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Lu-(0.5-10)Gd;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.2-2.5)Sc-(0.5-10)Y;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.5-10)Er-(0.5-10)Y;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-6)Tm-(0.5-10)Y;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Yb-(0.5-10)Y;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Lu-(0.5-10)Y;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.2-2.5)Sc-(0.3-2)Zr;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.5-10O)Er-(0.3-2)Zr;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-6)Tm-(0.3-2)Zr;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Yb-(0.3-2)Zr;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Lu-(0.3-2)Zr;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.2-2.5)Sc-(0.4-4)Ti;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.5-10)Er-(0.4-4)Ti;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-6)Tm-(0.4-4)Ti;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Yb-(0.4-4)Ti;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Lu-(0.4-4)Ti;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.2-2.5)Sc-(0.4-5)Hf;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.5-10)Er-(0.4-5)Hf;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-6)Tm-(0.4-5)Hf;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Yb-(0.4-5)Hf;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Lu-(0.4-5)Hf;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.2-2.5)Sc-(0.2-2)Nb;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.5-10)Er-(0.2-2)Nb;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-6)Tm-(0.2-2)Nb;

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Yb-(0.2-2)Nb; and

about Al-(4-6.5)Mg-(0.4-10)Lu-(0.2-2)Nb.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1. An aluminum alloy comprising: about 1 to about 8 weight percent magnesium; at least one first element selected from the group comprising about 0.1 to about 4 weight percent scandium, about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent erbium, about 0.1 to about 15 weight percent thulium, about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent ytterbium, and about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent lutetium; at least one second element selected from the group comprising about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent gadolinium, about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent yttrium, about 0.05 to about 4 weight percent zirconium, about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent titanium, about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent hafnium, and about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent niobium; and the balance substantially aluminum.
 2. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy further comprises at least one of: about 3 to about 12 weight percent zinc; about 0.2 to about 3 weight percent copper; about 0.5 to about 3 weight percent lithium; and about 4 to about 25 weight percent silicon.
 3. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy comprises an aluminum solid solution matrix containing a plurality of dispersed Al₃Sc second phases having L1₂ structures and Al₃X second phases having L1₂ structures wherein X includes at least one first element.
 4. The alloy of claim 3, wherein the solid solution comprises an aluminum magnesium solid solution.
 5. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy is capable of being used at temperatures from about −420° F. (−251° C.) up to about 650° F. (343° C.).
 6. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the alloy is produced by at least one of: a rapid solidification technique utilizing a cooling rate of at least about 10³° C./second, a casting process, and a deformation process.
 7. The alloy of claim 6, wherein the rapid solidification technique comprises at least one of: melt-spinning, splat quenching, atomization, spray deposition, vacuum plasma spraying, cold spraying, laser melting, mechanical alloying, cryomilling, spin forming, and ball milling.
 8. The alloy of claim 6, wherein the casting process comprises at least one of squeeze casting, die casting, sand casting, and permanent mold casting.
 9. The alloy of claim 6, wherein the deformation processing includes at least one of extrusion, forging and rolling.
 10. The alloy of claim 6, wherein the alloy is heat treated after forming.
 11. The alloy of claim 10, wherein the alloy is heat treated by a solution anneal at a temperature of about 800° F. (426° C.) to about 1100° F. (593° C.) for about 30 minutes to four hours, followed by quenching.
 12. The alloy of claim 11, wherein the quenching is in liquid.
 13. The alloy of claim 12, wherein the alloy is aged after quenching.
 14. The alloy of claim 13, wherein the aging occurs at a temperature of about 200° F. (93° C.) to about 600° F. (316° C.) for about two to forty-eight hours.
 15. The alloy of claim 1 comprising no more than about 1 weight percent total other elements including impurities.
 16. The alloy of claim 1 comprising no more than about 0.1 weight percent iron, about 0.1 weight percent chromium, about 0.1 weight percent manganese, about 0.1 weight percent vanadium, about 0.1 weight percent cobalt, and about 0.1 weight percent nickel.
 17. An aluminum alloy comprising: about 1 to about 8 weight percent magnesium; an aluminum solid solution matrix containing a plurality of dispersed Al₃X second phases having L1₂ structures where X comprises at least one of scandium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium, and at least one of gadolinium, yttrium, zirconium, titanium, hafnium and niobium; the balance substantially aluminum.
 18. The alloy of claim 17, wherein the alloy comprises: at least one first element selected from the group comprising about 0.1 to about 4 weight percent scandium, about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent erbium, about 0.1 to about 15 weight percent thulium, about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent ytterbium, and about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent lutetium; and at least one second element selected from the group comprising about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent gadolinium, about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent yttrium, about 0.05 to about 4 weight percent zirconium, about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent titanium, about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent hafnium, and about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent niobium.
 19. The alloy of claim 18, wherein the heat treating comprises: solution heat treatment at about 800° F. (426° C.) to about 1100° F. (593° C.) for about thirty minutes to four hours; quenching; and aging at about 200° F. (93° C.) to about 600° F. (316° C.) for about two to forty-eight hours.
 20. A method of forming an aluminum alloy, the method comprising: (a) forming a melt comprising: about 1 to about 8 weight percent magnesium; at least one first element selected from the group comprising about 0.1 to about 4 weight percent scandium, about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent erbium, about 0.1 to about 15 weight percent thulium, about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent ytterbium, and about 0.1 to about 25 weight percent lutetium; at least one second element selected from the group comprising about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent gadolinium, about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent yttrium, about 0.05 to about 4 weight percent zirconium, about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent titanium, about 0.05 to about 10 weight percent hafnium, and about 0.05 to about 5 weight percent niobium; and the balance substantially aluminum; and (b) solidifying the melt to form a solid body.
 21. The method of claim 20 further comprising: refining the structure of the solid body by deformation processing including at least one of: extrusion, forging, and rolling.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein solidifying comprises a casting process.
 23. The method of claim 20, wherein solidifying comprises a rapid solidification process in which the cooling rate is greater than about 10³° C./second including at least one of: powder processing, atomization, melt spinning, splat quenching, spray deposition, cold spray, plasma spray, laser melting and deposition, ball milling, and cryomilling.
 24. The method of claim 20 wherein the heat treating comprises: solution heat treatment at about 800° F. (426° C.) to about 1100° F. (593° C.) for about thirty minutes to four hours; quenching; and aging at about 200° F. (93° C.) to about 600° F. (316° C.) for about two to forty-eight hours. 